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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Skeletal changes of organisms transitioning from water to land ： ウィキペディア英語版 Skeletal changes of organisms transitioning from water to land Innovations conventionally associated with terrestrially first appeared in aquatic elpistostegalians such as ''Panderichthys rhombolepis'', ''Elpistostege watsoni'', and ''Tiktaalik roseae''. Phylogenetic analyses distribute the features that developed along the tetrapod stem and display a stepwise process of character acquisition, rather than abrupt.〔Downs, J. P., Daeschler, E. B., Jenkins, F. A., & Shubin, N. H. (2008). The cranial endoskeleton of Tiktaalik roseae. Nature, 455(7215), 925-929.〕 The complete transition occurred over a period of 25 million years beginning with the tetrapodomorph diversification in the Middle Devonian (380 myr).〔Long, J. A., & Gordon, M. S. (2004). The Greatest Step in Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish‐Tetrapod Transition *. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 77(5), 700-719.〕 By the Upper Devonian period, the fin-limb transition as well as other skeletal changes such as gill arch reduction, opercular series loss, mid-line fin loss, and scale reduction were already completed in many aquatic organisms.〔Coates, M.I., Jeffery, J.E., & Ruta, M. (2002). Fins to limbs:what the fossils say. Evolution and Development 4(5), 390–396. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02026.x〕 As aquatic tetrapods began their transition to land, several skeletal changes are thought to have occurred to allow for movement and respiration on land. Some adaptations required to adjust to non-aquatic life include the movement and use of alternating limbs, the use of pelvic appendages as sturdy propulsors, and the use of a solid surface at the organism’s base to generate propulsive force required for walking.〔King, H.M., Shubin, N.H., Coates, M.I., & Hale, M.E. (2011). Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes. PNAS 108(52), 21146-21151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118669109〕 ==Head== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Skeletal changes of organisms transitioning from water to land」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.